Descripción : Soyuz 9 was piloted by veteran cosmonaut A. Nikolayev, commander, and V. Sevastyanov, flight engineer. The flight tested, for a longer period of time than any other, the capacity of the hardware and the human crew. Mission objectives included gathering medical-biological research data on the long-term exposure to space conditions and observing (both visually and photographically) geological and geographical objects, weather formations, water surfaces, and snow and ice covers. The crew conducted observations of celestial bodies and practiced astronavigation, by locking onto Vega or Canopus, and then used a sextant to measure its relation to the earth horizon.

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SOYUZ 9 · A. NIKOLAYEV AND V. SEVASTYANOV · SOYUZ